目的：关于优秀田径运动员睡眠特征的数据很少。我们的研究旨在评估（1）性别之间和不同田径项目之间的睡眠差异，（2）个体化睡眠卫生策略对运动员睡眠参数的影响，以及（3）田径运动员的日间小睡特征和田径运动员。方法：对 16 名奥林匹克级田径精英运动员（男性：n = 8；女性：n = 8）在季前赛期间、基线 (T0) 和赛季中的睡眠特征进行了评估，采用个性化睡眠卫生策略后（T1）。通过体动记录仪对每位运动员在 T0 和 T1 时的睡眠参数进行至少 10 天的客观监测。总共分析了 702 个夜晚（T0 = 425；T1 = 277）。结果：女运动员表现出更好的睡眠效率（88.69 [87.69–89.68] vs 91.72 [90.99–92.45]； P = .003，效应大小 [ES]：0.44），较低的睡眠潜伏期（18.99 [15.97–22.00] vs 6.99 [ 5.65–8.32]； P < .001，ES：0.65），总睡眠时间更长（07:03 [06:56–07:11] vs 07:18 [07:10–07:26]； P = .030 ，ES：0.26），较早就寝（00:24 [00:16–00:32] vs 00:13 [00:04–00:22]； P = .027，ES：0.18），以及较低的午睡频率（ P < .001) 高于男性运动员。长跑运动员的就寝时间较早（00:10 [00:03–00:38] vs 00:36 [00:26–00:46]； P < .001，ES：0.41）和起床时间（07 :41 [07:36–07:46] 与 08:18 [08:07–08:30]； P < .001，ES：0.61），午睡频率较高，但睡眠效率较低 (88.79 [87.80–89.77]与 91.67 [90.95–92.38]； P = .013，ES：0.44）相比， 短跑运动员的睡眠潜伏期更长（18.89 [15.94–21.84] vs 6.69 [5.33–8.06]； P < .001，ES：0.67）学期纪律。此外，睡眠卫生策略对运动员的总睡眠时间（429.2 [423.5–434.8] vs 451.4 [444.2–458.6]； P < .001，ES：0.37）和睡眠潜伏期（14.33 [12.34–16.32]）vs 10.67 [8.66–12.68]； P = .017，ES：0.19）。结论：奥运会级别的田径运动员的基线睡眠质量和数量均不理想。不同性别和不同田径项目之间的睡眠特征存在很大差异。鉴于个体化睡眠卫生策略对运动员睡眠的积极影响，教练员应在顶级运动员的日常生活中实施睡眠教育课程。

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To Sleep Dreaming Medals: Sleep Characteristics, Napping Behavior, and Sleep-Hygiene Strategies in Elite Track-and-Field Athletes Facing the Olympic Games of Tokyo 2021

Purpose: Few data are available on sleep characteristics of elite track-and-field athletes. Our study aimed to assess (1) differences in sleep between sexes and among different track-and-field disciplines, (2) the effect of individualized sleep-hygiene strategies on athletes’ sleep parameters, and (3) daytime nap characteristics in track-and-field athletes. Methods: Sleep characteristics of 16 elite Olympic-level track-and-field athletes (male: n = 8; female: n = 8) were assessed during the preseason period, at baseline (T0), and during the in-season period, after the adoption of individualized sleep-hygiene strategies (T1). Sleep parameters were objectively monitored by actigraphy for a minimum of 10 days, for each athlete, at both T0 and T1. A total of 702 nights were analyzed (T0 = 425; T1 = 277). Results: Female athletes displayed better sleep efficiency (88.69 [87.69–89.68] vs 91.72 [90.99–92.45]; P = .003, effect size [ES]: 0.44), lower sleep latency (18.99 [15.97–22.00] vs 6.99 [5.65–8.32]; P < .001, ES: 0.65), higher total sleep time (07:03 [06:56–07:11] vs 07:18 [07:10–07:26]; P = .030, ES: 0.26), earlier bedtime (00:24 [00:16–00:32] vs 00:13 [00:04–00:22]; P = .027, ES: 0.18), and lower nap frequency (P < .001) than male athletes. Long-distance runners had earlier bedtime (00:10 [00:03–00:38] vs 00:36 [00:26–00:46]; P < .001, ES: 0.41) and wake-up time (07:41 [07:36–07:46] vs 08:18 [08:07–08:30]; P < .001, ES: 0.61), higher nap frequency, but lower sleep efficiency (88.79 [87.80–89.77] vs 91.67 [90.95–92.38]; P = .013, ES: 0.44), and longer sleep latency (18.89 [15.94–21.84] vs 6.69 [5.33–8.06]; P < .001, ES: 0.67) than athletes of short-term disciplines. Furthermore, sleep-hygiene strategies had a positive impact on athletes’ total sleep time (429.2 [423.5–434.8] vs 451.4 [444.2–458.6]; P < .001, ES: 0.37) and sleep latency (14.33 [12.34–16.32] vs 10.67 [8.66–12.68]; P = .017, ES: 0.19). Conclusions: Sleep quality and quantity were suboptimal at baseline in Olympic-level track-and-field athletes. Large differences were observed in sleep characteristics between sexes and among different track-and-field disciplines. Given the positive effect of individualized sleep-hygiene strategies on athlete’s sleep, coaches should implement sleep education sessions in the daily routine of top-level athletes.